Racism- hatred or intolerance of another race or other races
Social Gospel- a movement that urged Christians to do social services
Woman'sSuffrage- or women’s right to vote
Cult of Domesticity- idealized women and the home
Temperance Movement- a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages.
John Dalton- developed modern atomic theory
Charles Darwin- believed that all forms of life have evolved including humans
Sojourner Truth- an African American suffragist
Elizabeth Cady Stanton- crusaded against slavery before organizing a movement against women’s rights
Three social classes emerge
By the late 1800’s , The upper class started consisting of business families instead of just nobles.
Middle classes were pushing up the social ladder.
Lower middle class developed, like teachers and office workers.
At base were peasants and workers. 30% of the population.
Middle Class Tastes and Values
Strict etiquette governed by society.
Kids were “seen not heard,” same went for servents.
Rules dictated how to dress for every occasion, how to give a dinner party...
As well as how to pay a social call, when to write letters, and how long to mourn for dead relatives.
The Ideal Home
Most middle-class men had job and women stayed home to take care of the children
Cult of Domesticity idealized women staying home.
Lower class women still labored at low pay and still had to take care of home.
Sayings like "home sweet home" were stitched into needlework and hung on parlor walls.
Women Work for Rights
Women supported Temperance Movements, due to the fact alcohol threatened safety of family and lowered efficient working.
Also campaigned for fairness in marriage, divorce, and property.
Early Voices
When middle class women fought against slavery, they realized their own limits.
Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony helped organize movement for women’s rights.
Helped break barriers limiting universities and professions.
The Suffrage Struggle
By late 1800’s, women were allowed land in some countries.
People against suffrage claimed women “needed to be protected from grubby politics” and “women are too emotional,”
Sojourner Truth, an african american suffragist, helped rebuttle them.
In Western women “tamed frontier” with men and not considered weak and helpless.
Growth Of Public Education
Public Education Improves
All Saints Parochial School built in 1859. The school fit 201 children
Reformers persuaded many governments to require basic education for all children.
In late 1800’s, teachers received more training and taught ‘norms and standards’
Schools to train teachers began in 1879 in France.
Afterwards , high schools were being formed, mostly attended by middle-class males.
Higher Education Expands
Schools added more science classes, engineering schools for industrious society.
By 1840, few small colleges opened for women.
Most students who went to universities were the sons of middle or upper-class families.
Science Takes New Directions
Atomic Theory Develops
John Dalton first speculated modern atomic theory.
Showed each element had how all elements were made of different types of atoms and could be combined to make different compounds.
Dmitri Mendeleyev drew up table that grouped elements by atomic weight, modern periodic table based off that.
Debating the Earths Age
Geology was a new science that formed much debate.
Charles Lyell's successors concluded earth was at least 2 billion years old and life was fairly new, even though those thoughts contradicted the bible
Archeology added fuel to the debate regarding the origins of life.
Some archeologists drew wrong conclusions from evidence, but scholars developed ideas.
Darwins Theory of Natural Selection
Contrivertial idea from Charles Darwin
States all forms of life evolved over time into present state throughout millions of years
Natural Selection was his evedence, (most advanced species survive).
Social Darwinism and Racism
Some thinkers used darwins ideas to support ideas of survival of the fittest.
That became known as social dawinism. (included war and economic competition)
Social Darwinism heavily encouraged racism. Darwanist’s believed the success of Western civilizations were because of white supremacy.
Religion in Urban Age
Despite sciences, religion still heavily impacted the west.
Churches and Synogoges were still centers of communities.
Grimness of industrial life made people compassionate and charitable.
Protestant churches backed Social Gospel, a movement that urged christians to social service.
Wanted reforms in housing, healthcare, and education.
In 1878, William and Catherine Booth set up the Salvation Army in London to spread Christian teachings and provide social services.
Check point questions
1. How had the social order changed by the late 1800’s? For centuries, the two main orders were nobles and peasants. By the late 1800 a new upper class comes to life. The upper class included rich business families, wealthy entrepreneurs married into aristocratic families. Below the upper class was the middle class which consisted of mid-level business people and professionals such as doctors and scientists. Then came the lower middle class that included teachers and office workers. When it came to the family, the duties and labor between the husband and wife changed. In the early 1800 , middle class woman helped run family business’s out of home. Later on, husbands went to work at an office or shop. A successful husband was the one who earned enough money to be able to keep his wife at home. So the women could spend their time directing servants, raising children and doing charitable work. Part of why women were seen as this was because magazines, books and popular songs supported a cult of domesticity “The ideal woman was seen as tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband to escape from the hardships of the working world.”(pg 313) On the contrary, women in the lower class would work for low pay in garment factories or worked as domestic servants.
2. What were the arguments against women’s suffrage? Although some men liberals and socialists supported women’s suffrage which was the woman's right to vote, some people protested that women were too emotional to vote and others argued that women needed to be “protected” from politics. Other critics said that a woman’s place was in the home, taking care of domestic duties, not in the government.
3. Why did more children attend school in the late 1800’s than before? It started in 1852, Massachusetts passed school laws that required students to attend school and 50-60 years later all states were doing the same
4. How did science begin to challenge existing beliefs in the late 1800's? There began to be scientific breakthroughs that challenged religion and previously held ideas about nature in the late 1800's.
5. How did religious groups respond to the challenges of industrialization? Christian and Jew churches continued to be the center of communities and religious leaders influenced political, social, and educational developments. All these changes created feelings of passion and charity. Church groups, individuals and Jewish organizations all tried to help out the working poor. Catholic priests even set up schools and hospitals in urban slums.
The Industrial Revolution
Changing Attitudes and Values
A New Social Order Arises.
Vocabulary Discussed
Three social classes emerge
Middle Class Tastes and Values
The Ideal Home
Women Work for Rights
Early Voices
The Suffrage Struggle
Growth Of Public Education
Public Education Improves
Higher Education Expands
Science Takes New Directions
Atomic Theory Develops
Debating the Earths Age
Darwins Theory of Natural Selection
Social Darwinism and Racism
Religion in Urban Age
Check point questions
1. How had the social order changed by the late 1800’s?
For centuries, the two main orders were nobles and peasants. By the late 1800 a new upper class comes to life. The upper class included rich business families, wealthy entrepreneurs married into aristocratic families. Below the upper class was the middle class which consisted of mid-level business people and professionals such as doctors and scientists. Then came the lower middle class that included teachers and office workers. When it came to the family, the duties and labor between the husband and wife changed. In the early 1800 , middle class woman helped run family business’s out of home. Later on, husbands went to work at an office or shop. A successful husband was the one who earned enough money to be able to keep his wife at home. So the women could spend their time directing servants, raising children and doing charitable work. Part of why women were seen as this was because magazines, books and popular songs supported a cult of domesticity “The ideal woman was seen as tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband to escape from the hardships of the working world.”(pg 313) On the contrary, women in the lower class would work for low pay in garment factories or worked as domestic servants.
2. What were the arguments against women’s suffrage?
Although some men liberals and socialists supported women’s suffrage which was the woman's right to vote, some people protested that women were too emotional to vote and others argued that women needed to be “protected” from politics. Other critics said that a woman’s place was in the home, taking care of domestic duties, not in the government.
3. Why did more children attend school in the late 1800’s than before?
It started in 1852, Massachusetts passed school laws that required students to attend school and 50-60 years later all states were doing the same
4. How did science begin to challenge existing beliefs in the late 1800's?
There began to be scientific breakthroughs that challenged religion and previously held ideas about nature in the late 1800's.
5. How did religious groups respond to the challenges of industrialization?
Christian and Jew churches continued to be the center of communities and religious leaders influenced political, social, and educational developments. All these changes created feelings of passion and charity. Church groups, individuals and Jewish organizations all tried to help out the working poor. Catholic priests even set up schools and hospitals in urban slums.
Section 3
1- (Charles Darwin)
2- (social gospel)
3-(racism)
4-(temperance movement)
5-(elizabeth cady stanton)
6-(b)
7-(a)
8-(c)
9-(b)
10-(d)
Other Resources: